Britain to infect healthy volunteers with coronavirus in vaccine challenge trials
By William Booth and Carolyn Y. Johnson,
Kirsty Wigglesworth AP
LONDON — British scientists said Tuesday they will launch the world’s first human challenge trials for covid-19, in which healthy volunteers will be deliberately infected with the coronavirus in hopes of further speeding the drive to a vaccine.
The research, led by scientists at Imperial College London and funded by the British government, is a gutsy gambit, given that people will be submitting themselves to a deadly virus with no surefire treatment.
The United States is moving more cautiously, with leading government researchers saying human challenge trials might be too risky or unnecessary. But the British scientists say the potential payoff is massive — that accelerating vaccine development by even three months could save hundreds of thousands of lives globally.
[CDC director says coronavirus vaccines won’t be widely available till the middle of next year]
The British experiment is scheduled to begin in January. Volunteers will have a purified, laboratory-grown strain of the live virus blown into their noses, while quarantined in a 22-bed biosecure unit at the Royal Free Hospital in London, where they will undergo daily, even hourly, tests over two to three weeks.
The initial phase of the study, involving fewer than 100 healthy young adults between ages 18 and 30, will seek to determine the minimal amount of virus necessary to cause an active, measurable infection in their upper respiratory system.
Later in the spring, the scientists hope to enlist more volunteers, who will be inoculated with promising vaccines and then exposed to the virus to see how well the vaccines protect them.
Andrew Catchpole, chief science officer for hVIVO, a commercial pharmaceutical company that will recruit the volunteers, manufacture the challenge strain of the virus and conduct the tests, said the human challenge study will now be reviewed by a specially convened ethics committee and Britain’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, its version of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Catchpole told The Washington Post it is not yet known which vaccines will be tested. He said possible candidates include those vaccines that have proven themselves in large-scale Phase 3 trials, or they may be earlier in their development but potentially more effective.
“It could be studies with head-to-head comparisons,” Catchpole said, imagining that in the future, established vaccines, with only moderate efficacy, could be compared to novel vaccines employing cutting-edge technologies.
Hedging its bets, the British government has signed an agreement for 100 million doses of a vaccine being tested in trials by Oxford University and AstraZeneca, as well as inking deals with Pfizer, Sanofi and Valneva.
The safety data gained from large, Phase 3 trials will still be essential to show the vaccines are ready to be deployed in large populations. But the British government hopes challenge trials will help accelerate the study of vaccines in mid-stages of development.
Kirsty Wigglesworth
AP
Leon McFarlane, a research technician, works with blood samples from volunteers in the laboratory at Imperial College London in July while developing a covid-19 vaccine.
Catchpole said the major advantage is “you get efficacy data so much sooner” than trials that rely on chance exposure. If there is not much virus circulating in a population, it could take months and tens of thousands of inoculations to prove efficacy, in multimillion-dollar studies.
Christopher Chiu, an immunologist at Imperial College who is one of the lead investigators in the study, said the British human challenge model would be able to tell within 10 weeks how effective a coronavirus vaccine is.
Challenge experiments have a long history in biomedical research, dating to Edward Jenner’s development of a smallpox vaccine in 1796. In the modern era, challenge trials have been used extensively to study and find treatments for influenza, malaria, typhoid, dengue fever and cholera.
Covid-19, though, is different. Without a medication to reliably “rescue” volunteers from the disease, many scientists are hesitant to infect people.
Although physicians have more treatments for hospitalized patients than they did at the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic, there isn’t yet an approved drug to stop recently infected people from developing a severe case of covid-19.
The challenge trial participants will be given the antiviral drug remdesivir, which President Trump took when hospitalized this month for covid-19 and which has been approved or authorized for temporary use to treat covid-19 in more than 50 countries. The World Health Organization, however, recently reported that in large clinical trials in 30 countries, remdesivir had no substantial effect on mortality. That study has not yet been peer-reviewed.
There is also growing evidence that some people develop long-lasting complications from covid-19. Yet not much is known about how to predict who will go on to be a covid-19 “long-hauler” or how permanent those symptoms are.
[Doctors search for treatments for covid-19 ‘long-haulers’]
“Young people are not immune from that outcome,” Francis Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health, told The Washington Post last week. “Is it actually justifiable to intentionally infect anybody — no matter their current health status? I think that’s a very open question, ethically.”
If a clinical subject became seriously ill or died in the British challenge trials, the scientists, pharmaceutical companies and the government could be blamed and condemned as reckless. Public support for clinical trials and for new vaccines could also take a hit.
Nonetheless, Alastair Fraser-Urquhart, petition project manager for 1Day Sooner, has gathered signatures from more than 38,000 people willing to volunteer.
“Why? Altruism, basically,” he said.
Fraser-Urquhart said for healthy young people like himself, “the risks are low and the potential benefits huge.”
Young people don’t want to be living in world constrained by the pandemic any longer than they must, he said. They also want to help the older generations, which are more susceptible to serious cases of covid-19 — although there are those who question whether the experience of a healthy 20-something in a challenge trial could really predict how an elderly person with high blood pressure will fare.
Fraser-Urquhart suggested volunteers should be paid for their time — maybe $5,000 for a few weeks in quarantine and a year’s worth of follow-up tests.
“There shouldn’t be any out-of-pocket cost, nor should there be financial incentive,” he said.
He added that the British government deserves credit “for going where no one wants to go. Which is to be the first to try.”
Peter Openshaw, an immunologist at Imperial College London and co-investigator on human challenge consortium, said that “deliberately infecting volunteers with a known human pathogen is never undertaken lightly.”
But, “it is really vital that we move as fast as possible toward getting effective vaccines and other treatments for covid-19, and challenge studies have the potential to accelerate and de-risk the development of novel drugs and vaccines.”
Kirsty Wigglesworth
AP
Senior Clinical Research Nurse Ajithkumar Sukumaran prepares a covid-19 vaccine to administer to a volunteer at a clinic in London on Aug. 5.
Dominic Wilkinson, a professor of medical ethics at the University of Oxford, noted that volunteers would be increasing their risk but not starting from zero — they would be exposed to a strain of the novel coronavirus already circulating widely in Britain, especially among young people.
“What is the risk of trial versus the risk of living in London or going to university?” he asked.
With that in mind, he said, the need for human challenge trials is clear.
“You might get a vaccine or you might learn which vaccine is most efficient,” he said, at a time when thousands are dying around the world every day. The worldwide coronavirus death toll has passed 1.1 million.
In the United States, the government has been funding researchers at Colorado State University to develop a potential challenge strain of the coronavirus that could be used if such experiments become necessary.
Creating a challenge strain takes several months, and with several large U.S. vaccine trials projected to reach a decisive milestone that will show whether the vaccines are working by the end of this year or early next year, many scientists said the resource is not likely to be needed.
“My own view is the need for this seems even less likely than it did a few months ago,” said the NIH’s Collins. “The idea of needing to prepare for that was to face the possibility the viral pandemic might actually fade away and there wouldn’t be enough disease spreading in the community.”
Johnson reported from Boulder, Colo.
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