Romans mastered aqueducts. Now Italy is just trying to fix its leaky pipes.
By Chico Harlan and Stefano Pitrelli,
Federica Valabrega for the Washington Post
BARI, Italy — The pure, drinkable water of an underground mountain spring makes an improbable 110-mile journey to the Puglian city of Bari, propelled by gravity along an aqueduct constructed a century ago. But once arriving in the city itself, much of that water is lost, seeping through hidden holes and ruptures on its path through the city pipes.
Almost every country and every utility company in the world loses drinking water before it reaches consumers. But by the standards of developed countries, the leaks are especially severe in Italy, where two millennia ago Romans mastered the art of transporting clean water, and where in modern times water systems have instead come to symbolize underinvestment, mismanagement and economic decline.
“We invented the system, but now we have a lot of holes,” Roberto Cingolani, an Italian minister in charge of making the country more environmentally sustainable, said in an interview.
Federica Valabrega
for the Washington Post
A spring in the mountains of Cassano, Italy, helps supply the city of Bari, 110 miles away.
Across Italy, and especially in the poorer south, pipes that comprise city water systems can be 70 years old, ossified and brittle to the point of breaking. That contributes to a loss rate of 42 percent nationally. In Bari, half the water is lost before it reaches customers.
“If we [lose] water, it’s going to drain the country,” Cingolani said. He called Puglia, in Italy’s southern heel, “one of the most critical” areas.
The Italian government has included leaky pipes on the lengthy list of problems it hopes to address with the historic tranche of money — 191.5 billion euros ($227.6 billion) — it will soon receive from the European Union, part of a rescue package for countries hit hardest economically by the coronavirus pandemic.
Officials in Puglia say fixing leaks now is essential to head off a down-the-road emergency in a part of the continent where rainfall is projected to continually diminish, reducing the supply to rivers, streams and aquifers that feed potable water networks.
“This is the only way to save water for future generations,” said Francesca Portincasa, industrial coordinator for the water company, Acquedotto Pugliese.
Federica Valabrega
for the Washington Post
Francesca Portincasa, industrial coordinator for the water company, stands in Bari’s Palazzo dell’Acquedotto. A mural by artist Duilio Cambellotti capitalizes on the play of light to make it look like water is streaming down the marble wall.
Hunting for leaks, block by block
The work of addressing the leaks is labor-intensive. Puglia’s water network consists of 13,000 miles of pipes. On rare occasions the leaks can knock out service or cause dips in water pressure, and consumers flood complaint lines. But most of the leaks are invisible to the public, and the only way to find them is with teams going block by block through the city.
Antonio Marchitelli removed the street-level cover of a tiny shaft and touched an acoustic pole to an exposed pipe.
“We might have a leak somewhere around here,” said Marchitelli, 52. The sound he heard was a high-pitched gurgle, indicative of a problem nearby.
Federica Valabrega
for the Washington Post
Lorenzo Lorusso and Antonio Marchitelli, employees of the Acquedotto Pugliese water company, hunt for leaks.
He and his partner, Lorenzo Lorusso, moved to the next spot, hoping to get closer.
After examining two more pipes, sensing they were on the right path, they hooked up sound frequency devices to two different points of the pipe, enabling the detection of any irregularities between those points.
“We’ll know with 95 percent certainty the location of the rupture,” Marchitelli said.
He looked at a tablet-like screen with a readout: The sound test showed an obvious leak, precisely 18 feet from where Marchitelli was standing, in a spot below the sidewalk where a tourist toted a suitcase.
“Yup, that is where it is,” Lorusso said.
They sent a message to the water company, noting one more leak in need of fixing.
Unfortunate loss could become an emergency
If any area has an incentive to better take care of its resources, it’s Puglia, one of the most water-scarce parts of Europe.
The region is nearly bereft of natural fresh streams and rivers. Its aquifers are vulnerable to contamination by seawater. Into the early 20th century, people tried to get by with collecting rainwater, but the hazards were abundant: drought, contamination, disease. Puglians had some of the shortest life spans anywhere on the continent.
“You cannot grasp Puglia if you don’t grasp its history as a thirsty region,” said Fabiano Amati, a politician and the region’s former assessor for public works, including water.
What transformed Puglia — reducing disease, modernizing cities, birthing vineyards and fields of tomatoes — was one of the largest public works projects of the time, an engineering attempt, launched in 1906, to tap into a massive, underground spring more than 100 miles away, in the region of Campania. Some 20,000 men worked on the project at any moment. Construction took nine years. And when it was over, a new aqueduct — relying on little more than stones and gravity — was supplying water to Bari and other cities, having essentially redirected a river 90 degrees.
Courtesy of Acquedotto Pugliese
The construction of an aqueduct, one of the largest public works projects of the early 1900s, transformed the thirsty region of Puglia.
Puglia has since tapped into other faraway water sources, as well. But it still receives some of its water from that original aqueduct, whose mouth lies nearly incognito in the Campania mountains, behind a gray fence, in an area resembling an overgrown war memorial — nothing but a plaque in a grassy field.
There is only one sign of the subterranean engineering marvel below: a stone hatch with a flight of stairs. Down those stairs, in a stone passageway, water roars out of the darkness from under the mountains, passing into a man-made world of channels and locks.
This area was chosen to supply Puglia because of its abundant rain and snowfall. But people who operate the Acquedotto Pugliese say they notice even that is changing.
In 2017, so little rain fell in Campania that the surrounding areas, including Puglia, had to announce an official crisis.
Other parts of Italy did, too.
Officials now expect similar episodes, and corresponding rationing measures, every few years.
Federica Valabrega
for the Washington Post
A flight of stairs leads to the main water pipe through which the spring water flows.
Precipitation has not only become less frequent, but it tends to come in shorter, more intense bursts — a pattern that leads to more evaporation and less water draining into the aquifer that feeds the aqueduct’s springs.
“This is a resource that depends on rainfall,” said Luciano Venditti, an engineer in charge of the aqueduct’s overall network. “We’re seeing a gradual reduction.”
Playing catch-up and paying for old mistakes
Italy says the amount of water lost in its pipes has been increasing “constantly” since 2008. And Puglia, having reduced its own loss rate, is far from the most extreme example. In the province of Frosinone, to the southeast of Rome, the loss rate is 80 percent — calculated as the difference between the amount of water fed into the system and the amount of water that is paid for by consumers.
While there can be other explanations for the losses, including people tapping illegally into the system, Portincasa said most of the problem stems from the daily change in water pressure, as people ramp up usage during the daytime and curb back during the night. This, in turn, puts pressure on pipes — especially if they are old.
In that sense, the Acquedotto Pugliese is paying for mistakes in earlier decades. In the late-1990s, the company was forcibly placed under the control of an external commissioner, amid what the Italian Senate described as “serious managerial insufficiency.” Little maintenance work was done.
“There was no plan, no control,” Portincasa said.
The company is now playing catch-up.
It has already spent 400 million euros since 2009, the majority of it coming from separate E.U. funds, with the hope of improving efficiency. For all that money, it succeeded in reducing its leakage rate by 3.5 percent. The company plans to invest another 2 billion euros ($2.4 billion) by 2035 to shave the loss rate another 8 percent.
Federica Valabrega
for the Washington Post
Workers replace an old water pipe in the center of Bari.
On the same day that Marchitelli and Lorusso were going street-by-street with their sound equipment, a separate crew had fenced off a portion of a block in downtown Bari, laying new, blue pipes of ductile iron. A few 70-year-old pipe pieces had been excavated and tossed aside. The company says it aims to replace 80 percent of its urban network — amounting to some 10,000 miles — over the next 15 years.
Marchitelli and Lorusso, meantime, wrapped up their day having found just one leak, as opposed to the usual three or four. As they finished their shift, they told the story of a leak they’d located the previous day — the rare rupture that caused water pressure to drop in apartment buildings. The break seemed significant, but it was also under asphalt, and Marchitelli and Lorusso spent one day looking for it, then another — no luck. Neighbors were tracking their progress, and when finally they detected something, with repair work quickly done, a resident handed them beers and panzerotti, a local fried dough specialty.
“We were right out on the street with the beers,” Marchitelli said.
He said it was an unusually celebratory moment in the search for leaks.
“Normally, when people are waterless, they are exceedingly angry,” Marchitelli said.
